-
1 artificial fibres
Пластмассы: искусственные волокна -
2 artificial fibres
English-russian plastics terminology dictionary > artificial fibres
-
3 artificial fibres
The English-Russian dictionary of the Pulp and Paper Industry > artificial fibres
-
4 Fibres
The textile fibres of commerce are very numerous. They are usually placed in " three natural classes, vegetable, animal and mineral. The rayon filaments so far produced are all vegetable. " Vegetable fibres can be classified as follows: - Seed fibres, growing from the seeds or seed-capsules of certain plants, as cotton, Bombax, Asselepias, etc. Stem fibres, growing in the bast of certain plants, as flax, hemp, jute, etc. Leaf fibres, occurring in the leaves of certain plants, including New Zealand hemp, Manila hemp, etc. Fruit fibres, of which the sole member worth mentioning is the cocoanut fibre. Artificial fibres, represented by viscose, cellulose acetate, cuprammonium and nitrocellulose rayon. The chief fibres in the animal class are wool, silk, and the various kinds of animal hair such as camel, llama, angora, rabbit, horse, etc. The chief member of the mineral group is asbestos, a substance that resists the action of fire. Gold, silver and copper used in the making of tinsel yarns are not fibres as they do not require to be spun. Cellulose-Acetata Rayon - Filaments composed of an acetic ester of cellulose coagulated or solidified from its solution. Cuprammonium Rayon - Filaments composed of regenerated cellulose which has been coagulated or solidified from a solution of cellulose in ammoniacal copper oxide. Nitro-cellulose Rayon (Chardonnet) - Filaments composed of regenerated or denitrated cellulose which has been coagulated or solidified from a solution of nitrated cellulose. Viscose Rayon - Filaments composed of a regenerated cellulose which has been coagulated or solidified from a solution of cellulose xanthate. The preceding four definitions are proposed by the American Society for Testing Materials, Corn. D-13 -
5 Artificial Wool
Is really a recovered waste product, and has grown to an important branch of the textile industry. A large quantity of cheap suits are made from these yarns, of which there arc several varieties, known as mungo, shoddy, extract wool, etc. The various wool wastes which are obtained from rags and waste containing wool, cotton or other fibres are so treated that the vegetable fibres are destroyed by chemical means. The animal fibres remaining are respun into yarns. The term is wrongly applied because the fibre is actually wool, although recovered (see also under Mungo, Shoddy, Extract Wool). The term is also given to a rayon fibre manufactured in Italy and sold as "Snia-fil". The Wool Textile Delegation should give a definite ruling on materials such as this which have no wool in their make-up (see Wool Substitutes) -
6 Artificial Turf
■ Künstlicher Bodenbelag, der in Beschaffenheit und Aussehen einem Naturrasen nahekommt.■ Top layer of a playing field made of a blend of grass-like fibres and having the appearance and qualities of natural grass.Syn. artificial surface -
7 artificial protein fibres
Макаров: белковые искусственные волокнаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > artificial protein fibres
-
8 fibre
-
9 par excellence
[pɑː(r)'eks(ə)l(ə)n(t)s]нареч.; фр.1) преимущественно, главным образом, в особенностиThe crisis occurred not just in the old industries such as shipbuilding but in artificial fibres, electrical goods and, par excellence, motor manufacture. — Кризис случился не только в старых отраслях, таких как кораблестроение, но и в производстве искусственных волокон, электроприборов и, главным образом, в автомобилестроении.
2) поистине, в полном смысле слова, по-настоящемуBresson is par excellence the Catholic film-maker. — Брессон является поистине католическим кинорежиссёром.
-
10 Cross, Charles Frederick
[br]b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, Englandd. 15 April 1935 Hove, England[br]English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.[br]Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1917.Bibliography1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).Further ReadingObituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.RLHBiographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick
-
11 fibre
(a) (of cloth, wood) fibre f;∎ artificial/natural fibres fibres fpl artificielles/naturelles;∎ figurative moral fibre force f morale;∎ figurative to love sb/sth with every fibre of one's being aimer qn/qch de tout son être∎ to be high in fibre (foodstuff) être riche en fibres;∎ high-fibre diet régime m ou alimentation f riche en fibres►► Computing fibre optics fibre f optique, fibres fpl optiques -
12 man-made
adjective (made, happening or formed by man, not by natural means: a man-made lake.) artificialtr[mæn'meɪd]1 (lake etc) artificial2 (fabric etc) sintético,-aman-made ['mæn'meɪd] adj: artificialman-made fabrics: telas sintéticasadj.• artificial adj.'mæn'meɪd['mæn'meɪd]ADJ [material] sintético, artificial; [lake, island, environment] artificial; [gas, chemical] producido por el hombreman-made fibres — fibras fpl sintéticas
* * *['mæn'meɪd] -
13 Bevan, Edward John
[br]b. 11 December 1856 Birkenhead, Englandd. 17 October 1921 London, England[br]English co-inventor of the " viscose rayon " process for making artificial silk.[br]Bevan began his working life as a chemist in a soap works at Runcorn, but later studied chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. It was there that he met and formed a friendship with C.F. Cross, with whom he started to work on cellulose. Bevan moved to a paper mill in Scotland but then went south to London, where he and Cross set up a partnership in 1885 as consulting and analytical chemists. Their work was mainly concerned with the industrial utilization of cellulose, and with the problems of the paper and jute industries. Their joint publication, A Text-book of Paper-making, which first appeared in 1888 and went into several editions, became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The book has a long introductory chapter on cellulose.In 1892 Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle discovered viscose, or sodium cellulose xanthate, and took out the patent which was to be the foundation of the "viscose rayon" industry. They had their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens, where they carried out much work that eventually resulted in viscose: cellulose, usually in the form of wood pulp, was treated first with caustic soda and then with carbon disulphide to form the xanthate, which was then dissolved in a solution of dilute caustic soda to produce a viscous liquid. After being aged, the viscose was extruded through fine holes in a spinneret and coagulated in a dilute acid to regenerate the cellulose as spinnable fibres. At first there was no suggestion of spinning it into fibre, but the hope was to use it for filaments in incandescent electric light bulbs. The sheen on the fibres suggested their possible use in textiles and the term "artificial silk" was later introduced. Cross and Bevan also discovered the acetate "Celanese", which was cellulose triacetate dissolved in acetone and spun in air, but both inventions needed much development before they could be produced commercially.In 1892 Bevan turned from cellulose to food and drugs and left the partnership to become Public Analyst to Middlesex County Council, a post he held until his death, although in 1895 he and Cross published their important work Cellulose. He was prominent in the affairs of the Society of Public Analysts and became one of its officials.[br]Bibliography1888, with C.F.Cross, A Text-book of Papermaking.1892, with C.F.Cross and C.Beadle, British patent no. 8,700 (viscose). 1895, with C.F.Cross, Cellulose.Further ReadingObituary, 1921, Journal of the Chemical Society.Obituary, 1921, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).RLH -
14 fibre
1) Faser, die2) (substance consisting of fibres) [Faser]gewebe, das3) (roughage) Ballaststoffe Pl.4)moral fibre — Charakterstärke, die
* * *1) (a fine thread or something like a thread: a nerve fibre.) die Faser2) (a material made up of fibres: coconut fibre.) die Faser3) (character: A girl of strong moral fibre.) der Charakter•- academic.ru/27054/fibrous">fibrous- fibreglass* * *fi·bre, AM fi·ber[ˈfaɪbəʳ, AM -ɚ]n2. (cloth, material) Faser fnatural \fibre Naturfaser fmuscle \fibre Muskelfaser fmoral \fibre Rückgrat nt6.she wanted to win the race with every \fibre of her being sie war fest entschlossen, alles zu tun, um das Rennen zu gewinnen* * *(US) ['faɪbə(r)]n1) Faser f2) (= roughage) Ballaststoffe pl3) (fig)he has no moral fibre — er hat keinen inneren Halt, er hat kein Rückgrat
* * *1. BIOL, TECH Faser f, Fiber f2. koll Faserstoff m, -gefüge n, Textur f3. figa) Struktur fb) Schlag m, Charakter m:of coarse fiber grobschlächtigc) Kraft f:give fiber to Kraft verleihen (dat)4. BIOL Ballaststoffe pl* * *(Brit.; Amer.: fiber) noun1) Faser, die2) (substance consisting of fibres) [Faser]gewebe, das3) (roughage) Ballaststoffe Pl.4)moral fibre — Charakterstärke, die
* * *(UK) n.Faser -n f. -
15 fibre
1 (filament, strand) (of thread, wood) fibre f ; -
16 Dickson, J.T.
[br]b. c.1920 Scotland[br]Scottish co-inventor of the polyester fibre, Terylene.[br]The introduction of one type of artificial fibre encouraged chemists to look for more. J.T.Dickson and J.R. Whinfield discovered one such fibre in 1941 when they derived polyester from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Dickson, a 21-year-old Edinburgh graduate, was working under Whinfield at the Calico Printers' Association research laboratory at Broad Oak Print Works in Accrington. He was put onto fibre research: probably in April, but certainly by 5 July 1941, a murky-looking resin had been synthesized, out of which Dickson successfully drew a filament, which was named "Terylene" by its discoverers. Owing to restrictions imposed in Britain during the Second World War, this fibre was developed initially by the DuPont Company in the USA, where it was marketed under the name "Dacron". When Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were able to manufacture it in Britain, it acquired the brand name "Terylene" and became very popular. Under the microscope, Terylene appears identical to nylon: longitudinally, it is completely devoid of any structure and the filaments appear as glass rods with a perfectly circular cross-section. The uses of Terylene are similar to those of nylon, but it has two advantages. First, it can be heat-set by exposing the fabric to a temperature about 30°C higher than is likely to be encountered in everyday use, and therefore can be the basis for "easy-care" clothing such as drip-dry shirts. It can be blended with other fibres such as wool, and when pressed at a high temperature the creases are remarkably durable. It is also remarkably resistant to chemicals, which makes it particularly suitable for industrial purposes under conditions where other textile materials would be degraded rapidly. Dickson later worked for ICI.[br]Further ReadingFor accounts of the discovery of Terylene, see: J.R.Whinfield, 1953, Textile Research Journal (May). R.Collins, 1991, "Terylene", Historian 30 (Spring).Accounts of the introduction of svnthetic fibres are covered in: D.S.Lyle, 1982, Modern Textiles, New York.S.R.Cockett, An Introduction to Man-Made Fibres.G.R.Wray, Modern Yarn Production.RLH -
17 fibre
1) волокно2) фибра3) оптическое ( волокно)4) лыко, мочало•- acrylic fibre - artificial fibre - asbestos fibre - bast fibres - brittle fibre - brush fibre - cane fibre - ceramic fibre - compressed fibre - cordage fibres - extreme fibre - fire-retardant fibre - glass fibre - guiding fibre - heat-insulating fibre - longitudinal fibre - lower fibre - mean fibre - median fibre - natural fibre - optical glass fibre - pliant fibre - reinforcing fibre - top fibre - transverse fibre - upper fibres - vulcanized fibre - wood fibre - woody fibre -
18 Kunstrasen
■ Künstlicher Bodenbelag, der in Beschaffenheit und Aussehen einem Naturrasen nahekommt.■ Top layer of a playing field made of a blend of grass-like fibres and having the appearance and qualities of natural grass.Syn. artificial surface -
19 man-made
adjectivekünstlich [See, Blumen, Schlucht]; vom Menschen geschaffen [Gesetze]; (synthetic) Kunst[faser, -stoff]* * ** * *adj künstlich\man-made fibres künstliche Fasern, Kunstfasern pl* * *['mn'meɪd]adj1) (= artificial) künstlichor fibers (US) — Kunstfasern pl, synthetische Fasern pl
man-made leather/silk — Kunstleder nt/-seide f
2) (= caused by man) disaster, pollution vom Menschen verursacht; world, environment, laws vom Menschen geschaffen* * *man-made adja) vom Menschen geschaffen (Gesetze etc)b) vom Menschen verursacht (Naturkatastrophen etc)c) künstlich (Satellit etc):a man-made lake ein künstlicher oder künstlich angelegter See;man-made snow Kunstschnee m* * *adjectivekünstlich [See, Blumen, Schlucht]; vom Menschen geschaffen [Gesetze]; (synthetic) Kunst[faser, -stoff] -
20 волокно
ср. fibre;
fiber амер.;
filament;
grain (дерева) древесное волокно ≈ fibre, wood-fibre синтетическое волокно ≈ synthetic fibre нервное волокно ≈ nerve fibre грубое волокно ≈ coarse fibre, rough grain тонкое нервное волокно ≈ fibril искусственное волокно ≈ artificial fibre шерстяное волокно ≈ wool fibre
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Artificial turf — Artificial turf, or synthetic turf, is a man made surface manufactured from synthetic materials, made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are normally played on grass. However, it is now… … Wikipedia
Artificial leather — is a fabric or finish intended to substitute for leather in fields such as upholstery, clothing and fabrics, and other uses where a leather like finish is required but the actual material is cost prohibitive or unsuitable. Contents 1 Historic and … Wikipedia
Artificial membrane — An artificial membrane, also called a synthetic membrane, is a membrane prepared for separation tasks in laboratory and industry. Its active part, which permits selective transport of material, usually consists of polymers or ceramics, seldom… … Wikipedia
Properties and Applications of Prominent Man-Made Fibres, Table — ▪ Table Table 1: Properties and Applications of Prominent Man Made Fibres Polymer family and type common names and trade names deniers (gm/9,000 m) tensile strength (gm/denier) elongation at break (%) initial modulus (gm/denier)… … Universalium
technology, history of — Introduction the development over time of systematic techniques for making and doing things. The term technology, a combination of the Greek technē, “art, craft,” with logos, “word, speech,” meant in Greece a discourse on the arts, both… … Universalium
Felt — For other uses, see Felt (disambiguation). Felt is a non woven cloth that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing woollen fibres. While some types of felt are very soft, some are tough enough to form construction materials. Felt can be of … Wikipedia
Textile — For other uses, see Textile (disambiguation). Fabric redirects here. For other uses, see Fabric (disambiguation). Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan … Wikipedia
Desso GrassMaster — is a sports playing field surface composed of natural grass combined with artificial fibres. The artificial grass fibres are injected 20 centimetres (7.9 in) deep, and cover about 3% of the surface. While the grass is growing, the roots… … Wikipedia
Italy — /it l ee/, n. a republic in S Europe, comprising a peninsula S of the Alps, and Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and other smaller islands: a kingdom 1870 1946. 57,534,088; 116,294 sq. mi. (301,200 sq. km). Cap.: Rome. Italian, Italia. * * * Italy… … Universalium
Milan — /mi lan , lahn /, n. an industrial city in central Lombardy, in N Italy: cathedral. 1,710,263. Italian, Milano /mee lah naw/. * * * Italian Milano Capital (pop., 2001 prelim.: 1,182,693), Lombardy region, northern Italy. The area was settled by… … Universalium
Hemp — This article is about industrial hemp. For its psychoactive variant, see Cannabis (drug). For the biology of the plant, see Cannabis. For other uses, see Hemp (disambiguation). The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only C. sativa (left) is… … Wikipedia
